探秘 | 現(xiàn)實(shí)中自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)上路情況

來(lái)源：數(shù)據(jù)觀 時(shí)間：2019-03-14 14:17:39 作者：Rob Verger

　　Where to find self-driving cars on the road right now

　　Autonomous cars seem futuristic, but they’re already on the streets.

　　自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)看起來(lái)倍具未來(lái)感，但其實(shí)它們已經(jīng)上路了。

　　數(shù)據(jù)觀/黃玉葉（編譯）

　　Headlines abound about self-driving cars, but there’s a big difference between reading about them and seeing one, replete with all its sensors, on the street. Or, for that matter, taking a ride in one. Uber is back on the road with its self-driving cars, and plenty of other outfits are making progress and running their cars in states like California, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Here’s an evolving round-up of what’s going on with self-driving cars on public roads.

　　關(guān)于自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)的新聞標(biāo)題比比皆是，閱讀這樣的報(bào)道和在街上實(shí)際看到一輛搭載傳感器的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)亦或身臨其境卻是大相徑庭的。優(yōu)步憑借其自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)重新回歸，一眾公司也在這方面相繼取得進(jìn)展，并在加州、密歇根州和賓夕法尼亞州等運(yùn)營(yíng)自己的品牌汽車(chē)。以下我們就來(lái)看看一波自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)的上路情況。

　　Aptiv

　　Las Vegas, Boston, Pittsburgh, Singapore

　　拉斯維加斯，波士頓，匹茲堡，新加坡

　　The name “Aptiv” might not ring a bell, but if you visit Las Vegas, you could ride in one of their autonomous vehicles after hailing a Lyft. They first began offering rides in their cars during the Consumer Electronics Show in January, 2018, and the program has grown from there. The company currently has 30 autonomous cars on the roads in Sin City; they cruise around 20 hours a day, seven days a week. Aptiv says they’ve completed more than 30,000 Lyft trips and hauled around more than 50,000 passengers, and while the vehicles are autonomous, a real human sits behind the wheel and in the passenger seat, too. Aptiv—which purchased self-driving car company nuTonomy in 2017—also tests their cars in Boston, Pittsburgh, and Singapore.

　　“Aptiv”這個(gè)名字可能不見(jiàn)經(jīng)傳，但是如果你去趟拉斯維加斯，用Lyft打個(gè)車(chē)，你就有機(jī)會(huì)乘坐他們的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)。Lyft在2018年1月的CES國(guó)際消費(fèi)類(lèi)電子產(chǎn)品展覽會(huì)(Consumer Electronics Show)上首次開(kāi)啟了Lyft“全自動(dòng)駕駛”打車(chē)服務(wù)，至此，該項(xiàng)目發(fā)展延續(xù)至今。該公司目前在“罪惡之城”拉斯維加斯擁有30輛自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)，他們一周7天每天航行20小時(shí)左右。Apti方面表示，他們已經(jīng)完成了3萬(wàn)多趟Lyft行程，載送了超過(guò)5萬(wàn)名乘客。雖然這些車(chē)輛是自動(dòng)駕駛的，但方向盤(pán)和乘客座位上也各坐著真人。據(jù)悉，Aptiv在2017年收購(gòu)了自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)公司nuTonomy——該公司也在波士頓、匹茲堡和新加坡測(cè)試他們的汽車(chē)。

　　Aurora

　　Palo Alto, San Francisco, and Pittsburgh

　　帕洛阿爾托，舊金山和匹茲堡

　　Like Aptiv, Aurora may not be a familiar name, but Amazon, an investor in the company, obviously is. Aurora announced on February 7 that it had scored more than $530 million in financing from the likes of Sequoia and Amazon; the company is developing its own self-driving technology while working with Volkswagen, Hyundai, and Byton. Their self-driving VW e-Golfs and Lincoln MKZs are on the streets of Palo Alto, San Francisco, and Pittsburgh—with two vehicle operators on board, too.

　　和Aptiv一樣，Aurora可能不是一個(gè)熟悉的名字，但該公司的投資者亞馬遜(Amazon)顯然家喻戶(hù)曉。Aurora于2月7日宣布，已從紅杉(Sequoia)和亞馬遜(Amazon)等公司獲得逾5.3億美元融資，該公司正在開(kāi)發(fā)自己的自動(dòng)駕駛技術(shù)，與此同時(shí)他們還和大眾、現(xiàn)代以及Byton合作。他們的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)大眾e-Golfs系列和林肯MKZ系列已在帕洛阿爾托、舊金山和匹茲堡的街道上行駛，車(chē)上還有兩名汽車(chē)駕駛員。

　　Cruise

　　San Francisco; Scottsdale, Arizona and Orion, Michigan

　　舊金山，斯科茨代爾，亞歷桑那州，密歇根州

　　General Motors has owned autonomous car company Cruise since 2016, and their gen-three autonomous Chevy Bolts are on the roads of San Francisco, Scottsdale, Arizona, and Orion, Michigan. (The Bolt is Chevy’s all-electric vehicle, and not to be confused with their hybrid Volt, which they recently put out to the asphalt pasture.) These self-driving Bolts have safety drivers behind the wheel, and in San Francisco, they’re part of an internal ride-sharing program, called Cruise Anywhere, for over a 1,000 employees who can use hail one to catch a ride. Cruise and General Motors have also made a splash by revealing their generation-four concept vehicle, a Bolt that has no steering wheel or pedals.

　　通用汽車(chē)公司自2016年起擁有了自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)公司Cruise，其自制的三代雪佛蘭Bolts已經(jīng)行駛在舊金山、斯科茨代爾、亞歷桑那州、密歇根州的路上。(Bolt是雪佛蘭的全電動(dòng)汽車(chē)，切勿與他們最近向柏油牧場(chǎng)推出的混合動(dòng)力汽車(chē)混淆。)這些自動(dòng)駕駛的Bolts車(chē)都有安全駕駛員坐在方向盤(pán)后，這是舊金山內(nèi)部共享乘車(chē)計(jì)劃Cruise Anywhere的一部分，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目為超過(guò)1,000名的員工提供服務(wù)，他們可以用來(lái)打車(chē)。Cruise和通用汽車(chē)公司也通過(guò)發(fā)布他們沒(méi)有方向盤(pán)或腳踏板的四代概念車(chē)Bolt而名聲大噪。

　　Drive.ai

　　Frisco and Arlington, Texas

　　舊金山和阿林頓，德克薩斯州

　　A self-driving van in Texas.德州路上的一輛自動(dòng)駕駛廂車(chē)

　　Like Aptiv and Aurora, the name Drive.ai may not be familiar, but they’re already offering a self-driving service in two places in Texas: Frisco and Arlington. Both of those towns are in the Dallas, Fort Worth area, and both services use self-driving vans and safety drivers to shuttle people around in a specific, geofenced region. The service in Arlington is the more public of the two—so if you’re visiting Arlington, you could summon a self-driving van, for free, via an app or through a kiosk. The vans even have signs on them to let pedestrians know what they’re doing.

　　就像Aptiv和Aurora一樣，Drive.ai的名字可能不為公眾所知，但他們已經(jīng)在德克薩斯州的兩個(gè)地方提供自動(dòng)駕駛服務(wù)：舊金山和阿靈頓。這兩個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)都位于達(dá)拉斯地區(qū)，兩個(gè)地方的服務(wù)都是使用自動(dòng)駕駛的廂車(chē)配備安全司機(jī)在特定地理位置區(qū)域內(nèi)接送乘客。阿靈頓的這項(xiàng)服務(wù)更較為公開(kāi)化，因此，如果你碰巧正在造訪阿靈頓，就可以通過(guò)應(yīng)用程序或自助服務(wù)站免費(fèi)叫到一輛自動(dòng)駕駛廂車(chē)，車(chē)身上甚至有標(biāo)志，能讓路人知道你在乘坐自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)。

　　Ford

　　Miami, Pittsburgh, Washington, D.C., and Dearborn, Michigan

　　邁阿密，匹茲堡，華盛頓，密歇根

　　A Ford Fusion Hybrid.福特融合混合動(dòng)力車(chē)

　　Ford is working with a company called Argo AI for its self-driving cars. The company has autonomous vehicles on the road in Miami, Pittsburgh, Washington, D.C. and Dearborn, Michigan. They're also licensed to start testing this year in Palo Alto, California. Those cars also have two safety personnel on board—one behind the wheel, and one in the passenger seat.

　　福特正在與一家名為Argo AI的公司合作研發(fā)自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)。該公司在邁阿密、匹茲堡、華盛頓特區(qū)和密歇根州迪爾伯恩都有自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)。他們還獲得了今年在加州帕洛阿爾托開(kāi)始測(cè)試的許可。這些車(chē)上都配備了兩名安全員，一名在駕駛位，另一名在乘客位上。

　　The automaker has also been working with Dominos, Postmates, and Walmart to explore the intersection of self-driving cars and business deliveries; interestingly, those cars are designed to look like self-driving cars, but actually are just regular vehicles with humans driving them. These fake self-driving tests are so the company can learn about logistics and human-car interactions at the pick-up and drop-off points.

　　這家汽車(chē)制造商還與Dominos、Postmates和沃爾瑪(Walmart)合作，探索自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)和商業(yè)快遞的交叉領(lǐng)域。有趣的是，這些汽車(chē)的設(shè)計(jì)看起來(lái)像是自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)，但實(shí)際上只是普通的司機(jī)駕駛汽車(chē)。這些假的自動(dòng)駕駛測(cè)試只是為了讓該公司能夠在接送點(diǎn)了解物流和人車(chē)互動(dòng)的情況。

　　Finally, it is eying a 2021 launch of an autonomous commercial service that would carry people and goods in multiple cities, including Miami and Washington, D.C.

　　最后，該公司預(yù)計(jì)在2021年將推出一項(xiàng)自動(dòng)駕駛商業(yè)服務(wù)，在邁阿密和華盛頓特區(qū)等多個(gè)城市運(yùn)送載人員和貨物。

　　Nuro

　　Scottsdale, Arizona

　　亞利桑那州，斯科茨代爾

This unmanned vehicle delivers groceries.正在運(yùn)送食雜貨品的無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)

　　Not all self-driving cars exist to transport humans. An 8-foot-long vehicle from Nuro called the R1 is designed to carry only groceries, but unlike a delivery robot that cruises on sidewalks, this car goes on the roads. In December, they kicked off a pilot program in which the the unmanned electric vehicle can deliver groceries from a Fry's Food Stores in Scottsdale to humans in the area.

　　并非所有的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)都是用來(lái)載人的。這款來(lái)自Nuro，名為R1，車(chē)長(zhǎng)8英尺的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)其設(shè)計(jì)初衷就是運(yùn)送雜貨，但與人行道上巡航的送貨機(jī)器人不同，這款汽車(chē)可以上路。去年12月，Nuro啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目，在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中，無(wú)人駕駛的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)可以把斯科茨代爾地區(qū)一家名為Fry's食品店的貨物運(yùn)送到該片區(qū)人們的手上。

　　Uber

　　Pittsburgh in autonomous mode; San Francisco and Toronto in manual mode

　　自動(dòng)模式下匹茲堡;手動(dòng)模式下舊金山和多倫多

Volvos equipped with self-driving equipment from Uber. 配備優(yōu)步自動(dòng)駕駛設(shè)備的沃爾沃車(chē)系

　　The worst tragedy by far in the world of self-driving cars occurred on March 18, 2018, when an autonomous Uber killed a pedestrian in Tempe, Arizona. While they yanked their vehicles off the road after that disaster, the ride-sharing company’s Advanced Technologies Group returned in December of last year with a much smaller focus: their cars cruise in self-driving mode on a short route in Pittsburgh. Uber says those vehicles only run on weekdays, during the day, and not in bad weather—but that they could expand that domain as time goes on. One crucial change is that the automatic braking system that comes with the Volvos they are using will now be engaged while the vehicle is in autonomous mode—previously that wasn’t the case, according to an NTSB report on the March accident. Finally, Uber is also running their autonomous cars in Toronto and San Francisco in manual mode, meaning a human is driving. That exercise helps the company gather data for mapping and running simulations. Two humans, or "mission specialists," will be in the cars at all times, according to Uber.

　　2018年3月18日，無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生了迄今為止最慘烈的悲劇，一輛無(wú)人駕駛的Uber車(chē)在亞利桑那州坦佩撞死了一名行人。意外發(fā)生后，Uber主動(dòng)把他們的汽車(chē)從公路上下架，但這家拼車(chē)公司的先進(jìn)技術(shù)集團(tuán)在去年12月卷土重來(lái)，并專(zhuān)注于新的局限領(lǐng)域：他們的汽車(chē)在匹茲堡的一條短途路線上，以自動(dòng)駕駛模式巡航。Uber表示，這些車(chē)輛只在天氣好的工作日和白天運(yùn)行——但隨著時(shí)間的推移，他們注定拓展這一領(lǐng)域。據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)家運(yùn)輸安全委員會(huì)(NTSB) 3月份發(fā)布的事故報(bào)告，其中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的變化是，他們正在使用的沃爾沃的自動(dòng)剎車(chē)系統(tǒng)將在車(chē)輛處于自動(dòng)模式時(shí)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)，而此前情況并非如此。最后，Uber還在多倫多和舊金山以手動(dòng)模式運(yùn)行他們的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)，這意味著其實(shí)有人在駕駛。這種做法有助于該公司收集數(shù)據(jù)，以進(jìn)行繪圖和行駛模擬。根據(jù)Uber的說(shuō)法，車(chē)內(nèi)將始終有兩名人員，即“任務(wù)專(zhuān)管員”。

　　Waymo

　　Chandler, Mesa, Tempe, and Gilbert, Arizona

　　錢(qián)德勒，梅薩，坦佩和吉爾伯特，亞利桑那州

A self-driving shuttle in Ohio.俄亥俄州的自動(dòng)駕駛航汽車(chē)Smart Columbus

　　Waymo began as an internal self-driving project from Google, and is now an Alphabet-owned company in its own right. They recently launched an autonomous taxi service in four cities in the Phoenix, Arizona area, which is only open to hundreds of people, according to the company; those people can use an app to summon a self-driving Chrysler Pacifica (which has two Waymo-employed humans up front) and then go somewhere in it, like Uber or Lyft.

　　Waymo最初是谷歌的一個(gè)內(nèi)部自動(dòng)駕駛項(xiàng)目，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是一家擁有alphabet所有權(quán)的公司。據(jù)該公司稱(chēng)，他們最近在亞利桑那州鳳凰城的四個(gè)城市推出了一項(xiàng)自動(dòng)駕駛出租車(chē)服務(wù)，該服務(wù)只對(duì)數(shù)百人進(jìn)行開(kāi)放。這些人可以使用一款應(yīng)用打到一輛自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)Chrysler Pacifica(該車(chē)會(huì)配備兩名waymo雇員在前排座位)，然后你可以乘坐它去某個(gè)地方，就像Uber或Lyft打車(chē)那樣。

　　Waymo One is an evolution of testing the company had already been doing in the Phoenix area, called the Waymo early rider program. A leader in the autonomous car space, Waymo has racked up more than 10 million miles of running autonomous cars on public roads, and billions of simulated miles, too.

　　Waymo One是該公司在鳳凰城(Phoenix)地區(qū)已經(jīng)開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)測(cè)試(Waymo early rider program)的升級(jí)版。作為自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)頭羊，Waymo已經(jīng)積累了超過(guò)1000萬(wàn)英里的自動(dòng)駕駛實(shí)際公路里程，以及數(shù)十億英里的模擬里程。

　　Zoox

　　San Francisco

　　舊金山

Zoox prototypes don't yet venture on public roads. Zoox的原型還沒(méi)有在公路上試水

　　Autonomous vehicle company Zoox is working on creating an innovative kind of car—an electric vehicle designed specifically to be self-driving that can cruise either forwards or backwards (both the front and rear wheels can turn; see an image of prototypes above). But today, in San Francisco, Zoox is testing approximately 24 autonomous Toyota Prius and Highlander vehicles equipped with sensors and Zoox self-driving software. The cars have a safety driver behind the wheel, as well as a software operator onboard, and while they have a permit from the California Public Utilities Commission to pick up passengers, they’re not yet doing so. Eventually—like other companies in this space— their goal is to create an autonomous ride-hailing service in a city, although Zoox intends to use their own custom-made bidirectional vehicles for the fleet.

　　自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)公司Zoox正致力于創(chuàng)造一種創(chuàng)新型汽車(chē)——一款專(zhuān)為自動(dòng)駕駛設(shè)計(jì)的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)，既可以向前行駛也可以向后行駛(前輪和后輪都可以轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，詳情請(qǐng)參考上面的原型圖)。但是目前在舊金山，Zoox正在測(cè)試大約24輛裝有傳感器和Zoox自動(dòng)駕駛軟件的豐田 Prius車(chē)和高地車(chē)。這些車(chē)的方向盤(pán)后有一名安全駕駛員，車(chē)上還有一名軟件操作員。雖然他們獲得了加州公共事業(yè)委員會(huì)(California Public Utilities Commission)的許可，可以搭載乘客，但他們目前還沒(méi)有這么做。最終，就像這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的其他公司一樣，他們的目標(biāo)是在一個(gè)城市創(chuàng)建自主的叫車(chē)服務(wù)，盡管Zoox曾經(jīng)打算讓車(chē)隊(duì)定制并使用他們自己的雙向車(chē)。

　　Finally, others continue to work in the autonomous car industry, from the little to big. A self-driving shuttle began operations on December 10 in Columbus, Ohio, for example. And of course, Tesla produces a semi-autonomous feature for its vehicles, called Autopilot, to assist drivers and even suggest making a lane change.

　　最終，其他人將繼續(xù)在自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)行業(yè)中深耕，蔚為大觀。例如，一架自動(dòng)駕駛班車(chē)于12月10日已經(jīng)在俄亥俄州哥倫布市開(kāi)始運(yùn)行。當(dāng)然，特斯拉也為其汽車(chē)開(kāi)發(fā)了一種半自動(dòng)駕駛的功能，稱(chēng)為Autopilot，以協(xié)助司機(jī)駕駛，甚至提供變道建議。

　　注：《現(xiàn)實(shí)中自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)上路情況》來(lái)源于Popular Science(點(diǎn)擊查看原文)。數(shù)據(jù)觀黃玉葉/編譯，轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明譯者和來(lái)源。

責(zé)任編輯：李蘭松